Russia: Will Moscow Continue To Back Lukashenka?
By Claire Bigg
Copyright (c) 2006. RFE/RL, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036. www.rferl.org
While Western leaders have openly expressed their distaste for the authoritarian Belarus leader Alyaksandr Lukashenka, Russian President Vladimir Putin has consistently supported his regime, both politically and economically. Russia has been providing the country with cheap oil and gas, generous loans, and has cancelled customs duties for Belarusian exports to Russia. What are the reasons for Moscow's support, and how long is it likely to last?
MOSCOW, March 20, 2006 (RFE/RL) -- According to official preliminary results, Alyaksandr Lukashenka won a landslide victory in yesterday's presidential election, garnering 82.6 percent of the vote.
An official victory would enable Lukashenka -- a former collective-farm manager who has ruled Belarus since 1994 -- to win a third term and remain in office for five more years.
Opposition leaders are claiming the vote was rigged and have called for new elections. Several thousand people massed in a central Minsk square yesterday to protest the results.
Popular Support
But while the huge margin of victory granted to Lukashenka by the preliminary results has raised some eyebrows, it is widely believed that he does enjoy enough support at home to have won a majority and avoided a runoff.
Many political observers say Lukashenka owes his popularity not only to intense propaganda, but also to Russia's robust economic aid, which has allowed him to raise pensions and salaries.
But why is Russia throwing its weight behind such a controversial figure as Lukashenka, who has been isolated by most Western leaders and branded a dictator by Washington?
Yevgeny Volk, director of the Heritage Foundation think tank in Moscow, says Russia's support reflects its fears of losing its closest ally in opposition to NATO's eastward expansion.
"From the point of view of the Russian political mentality, Belarus is a very important stronghold of resistance to NATO's eastward expansion, a containment of this NATO expansion that is often discussed in Russian political circles," Volk said. "In the Cold War paradigm that is still very present in Russian politics, Belarus plays an important role as a stronghold against NATO."
While the European Union today expressed its disapproval of the way in which the presidential election was conducted and said it would likely impose sanctions, Russia hailed the vote as free and fair.
Strategic interests aside, Russia has a number of reasons to back Lukashenka.
The Kremlin has been anxious to prevent a repetition of Ukraine's Orange Revolution, which swept the Western-leaning Viktor Yushchenko to power in 2005.
Some observers also say that by allowing Lukashenka to step into the limelight, Putin's regime hopes to deflect criticism of its own rights violations.
Economically, Russia's warm ties with Belarus may have helped the state-controlled Russian gas giant Gazprom to wrestle control of the Belarusian section of the Yamal-Europe pipeline from a reluctant Lukashenka last December. This pipeline carries 10 percent of Russian gas exports to Europe.
Strained But True
But Putin and Lukashenka have not always enjoyed a close relationship. While Russia and Belarus have long planned to join in a union state that would use the Russian ruble as its currency, Lukashenka was severely angered by a proposal Putin made in 2002 under which Belarus would virtually become a part of Russia.
Nevertheless, Heritage Foundation Director Volk says Moscow's support of Lukashenka is unlikely to falter in the future, provided the Belarusian president remains loyal to the Kremlin.
"This [support] will take place until a person is found in Belarus who, firstly, will be at least as loyal to the Kremlin as Lukashenka, and secondly will enjoy as much support from the population," Volk said. "So far, not a single politician has satisfied the Kremlin by meeting these criteria. There are people who can be supported by the population, but the Kremlin strongly fears that they will turn to the West like the Ukrainian government."
Other observers, however, say Moscow's backing of Lukashenka could tarnish Russia's image abroad and harm its ties with Western countries, particularly in the aftermath of yesterday's election.