Center for Defense Information
Research Topics
Television
CDI Library
Press
What's New
Search
CDI Library > Johnson's Russia List

Johnson's Russia List
 

 

April 26, 2000    
This Date's Issues: 4268  42694270  

Johnson's Russia List
#4269
26 April 2000
davidjohnson@erols.com

*******

BBC MONITORING
TEXT OF MILITARY DOCTRINE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Text of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by a
presidential decree dated 21st April 2000, published in Russian newspaper
'Nezavisimaya Gazeta' on 22nd April 

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as
the Military Doctrine) constitutes the sum total of the official views
(precepts) determining the military-political, military-strategic and
military-economic foundations for safeguarding the Russian Federation's
military security. 

The Military Doctrine is a document for the transitional period - the
period of the formation of democratic statehood and a mixed economy, the
transformation of the state's military organization and the dynamic
transformation of the system of international relations. 

The Military Doctrine is a development of the Basic guidelines for the
Russian Federation's Military Doctrine of 1993 and fleshes out in respect
of the military sphere the precepts of the Russian Federation National
Security Blueprint. The provisions of the Military Doctrine are based on a
comprehensive evaluation of the state of the military-political situation
and a strategic forecast of its development, on a scientifically justified
definition of the current and longer-term missions, objective requirements
and real potential for safeguarding the Russian Federation's military
security, and also on a systematic analysis of the content and nature of
modern wars and armed conflicts, and Russian and foreign experience of
military organizational development and the art of war. 

The Military Doctrine is defensive in nature, which is predetermined by the
organic combination within its provisions of a consistent adherence to
peace with a firm resolve to defend national interests and guarantee the
military security of the Russian Federation and its allies. 

The legal basis for the Military Doctrine is provided by the Constitution
of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other normative legal acts of
the Russian Federation, and the Russian Federation's international treaties
in the sphere of the safeguarding of military security. 

The Military Doctrine's provisions may be clarified and supplemented after
due consideration of changes in the military-political situation, the
nature and makeup of military threats, and the conditions underlying
organizational development and the utilization of the state's military
organization, as well as the Russian Federation president's annual messages
to the Federal Assembly, directives on planning for the use of the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops, military formations and bodies,
and documents on questions of safeguarding the Russian Federation's
military security. 

Implementation of the Military Doctrine is achieved through the
centralization of state and military command and control and the
implementation of a range of political, diplomatic, economic, social,
information, legal, military and other measures aimed at safeguarding the
military security of the Russian Federation and its allies. 


I. Military-political principles 

Military-political situation 

1. The state of and prospects for the development of the present-day
military-political situation are determined by the qualitative improvement
in the means, forms and methods of military conflict, by the increase in
its reach [Russian: prostranstvennyy razmakh] and the severity of its
consequences, and by its spread to new spheres. The possibility of
achieving military-political goals through indirect, non-close-quarter
operations predetermines the particular danger of modern wars and armed
conflicts for peoples and states and for preserving international stability
and peace, and makes it vitally necessary to take exhaustive measures to
prevent them and to achieve a peaceful settlement of differences at early
stages of their emergence and development. 

2. The military-political situation is determined by the following main
factors: 

- a decline in the threat of large-scale war, including nuclear war; 

- the shaping and strengthening of regional power centres; the
strengthening of national, ethnic and religious extremism; the rise in
separatism; 

- the spread of local wars and armed conflicts; an increase in the regional
arms race; 

- the spread of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction and
delivery systems; the exacerbation of information confrontation. 

3. A destabilizing impact on the military-political situation is exerted by: 

- attempts to weaken (ignore) the existing mechanism for safeguarding
international security (primarily, the United Nations and the Organization
for Security and Cooperation in Europe [OSCE]); 

- the use of coercive military actions as a means of "humanitarian
intervention" without the sanction of the UN Security Council, in
circumvention of the generally accepted principles and norms of
international law; 

- the violation by certain states of international treaties and agreements
in the sphere of arms control and disarmament; 

- the utilization by entities in international relations of information and
other (including nontraditional) means and technologies for aggressive
(expansionist) purposes; 

- the activities of extremist nationalist, religious, separatist and
terrorist movements, organizations and structures; 

- the expansion of the scale of organized crime, terrorism and weapons and
drug trafficking, and the multinational nature of these activities. 

The main threats to military security 

4. Under present-day conditions the threat of direct military aggression in
the traditional forms against the Russian Federation and its allies has
declined thanks to positive changes in the international situation, the
implementation of an active peace-loving foreign-policy course by our
country and the maintenance of Russia's military potential, primarily its
nuclear deterrent potential, at an adequate level. 

At the same time, external and internal threats to the military security of
the Russian Federation and its allies persist, and in certain areas are
increasing. 

5. The main external threats are: 


- territorial claims against the Russian Federation; interference in the
Russian Federation's internal affairs; 

- attempts to ignore (infringe) the Russian Federation's interests in
resolving international security problems, and to oppose its strengthening
as one influential centre in a multipolar world; 

- the existence of seats of armed conflict, primarily close to the Russian
Federation's state border and the borders of its allies; 

- the creation (buildup) of groups of troops (forces) leading to the
violation of the existing balance of forces, close to the Russian
Federation's state border and the borders of its allies or on the seas
adjoining their territories; 

- the expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the
Russian Federation's military security; 

- the introduction of foreign troops in violation of the UN Charter on the
territory of friendly states adjoining the Russian Federation; 

- the creation, equipping and training on other states' territories of
armed formations and groups with a view to transferring them for operations
on the territory of the Russian Federation and its allies; 

- attacks (armed provocations) on Russian Federation military installations
located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on installations and
facilities on the Russian Federation's state border, the borders of its
allies or the high seas; 

- actions aimed at undermining global and regional stability, not least by
hampering the work of Russian systems of state and military rule, or at
disrupting the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, missile-attack
early-warning, antimissile defence, and space monitoring systems and
systems for ensuring their combat stability, nuclear munition storage
facilities, nuclear power generation, the nuclear and chemical industries
and other potentially dangerous installations; 

- hostile information (information-technical, information-psychological)
operations that damage the military security of the Russian Federation and
its allies; 

- discrimination and the suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate
interests of the citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign states; 

- international terrorism. 

6. The main internal threats are: 

- an attempted violent overthrow of the constitutional order; 

- illegal activities by extremist nationalist, religious, separatist and
terrorist movements, organizations and structures aimed at violating the
unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and destabilizing
the domestic political situation in the country; 

- the planning, preparation and implementation of operations aimed at
disrupting the functioning of federal bodies of state power and attacking
state, economic or military facilities, or facilities related to vital
services or the information infrastructure; 

- the creation, equipping, training and functioning of illegal armed
formations; 

- the illegal dissemination (circulation) on Russian Federation territory
of weapons, ammunition, explosives and other means which could be used to
carry out sabotage, acts of terrorism or other illegal operations; 


- organized crime, terrorism, smuggling and other illegal activities on a
scale threatening the Russian Federation's military security. 

Safeguarding military security 

7. Safeguarding the Russian Federation's military security is the most
important area of the state's activity. 

The main goals of safeguarding military security are to prevent, localize
and neutralize military threats to the Russian Federation. 

The Russian Federation views the safeguarding of its military security
within the context of building a democratic law-governed state,
implementing socioeconomic reform, asserting the principles of equal
partnership, mutually advantageous cooperation and good-neighbourliness in
international relations, consistently shaping an overall and comprehensive
international security system, and preserving and strengthening universal
peace. 

The Russian Federation: 

- proceeds on the basis of the abiding importance of the fundamental
principles and norms of international law, which are organically
intertwined and supplement each other; 

- maintains the status of nuclear power to deter (prevent) aggression
against it and (or) its allies; 

- implements a joint defence policy together with the Republic of Belarus,
coordinates with it activities in the sphere of military organizational
development, the development of the armed forces of the Union State's
[reference to the Union State of Russia and Belarus] member states and the
utilization of military infrastructure, and takes other measures to
maintain the Union State's defence capability; 

- attaches priority importance to strengthening the collective security
system within the CIS framework on the basis of developing and
strengthening the [CIS] Collective Security Treaty; 

- views as partners all states whose policies do not damage its national
interests and security and do not contravene the UN Charter; 

- gives preference to political, diplomatic and other nonmilitary means of
preventing, localizing and neutralizing military threats at regional and
global levels; 

- strictly observes the Russian Federation's international treaties in the
sphere of arms control, reduction and disarmament, and promotes their
implementation and the safeguarding of the arrangements they define; 

- punctiliously implements the Russian Federation's international treaties
as regards strategic offensive arms and antimissile defence, and is ready
for further reductions in its nuclear weapons, on a bilateral basis with
the United States as well as on a multilateral basis with other nuclear
states, to minimal levels meeting the requirements of strategic stability; 

- advocates making universal the regime covering the nonproliferation of
nuclear weapons and their delivery systems, resolutely enhancing the
effectiveness of that regime through a combination of prohibitive,
monitoring and technological measures, and ending and comprehensively
banning nuclear testing; 

- promotes the expansion of confidence-building measures between states in
the military sphere, including reciprocal exchanges of information of a
military nature and the coordination of military doctrines, plans, military

organizational development measures and military activity. 

8. The Russian Federation's military security is safeguarded by the sum
total of the forces, means and resources at its disposal. 

Under present-day conditions the Russian Federation proceeds on the basis
of the need to have a nuclear potential capable of guaranteeing a set level
of damage to any aggressor (state or coalition of states) under any
circumstances. 

The nuclear weapons with which the Russian Federation armed forces are
equipped are seen by the Russian Federation as a factor in deterring
aggression, safeguarding the military security of the Russian Federation
and its allies and maintaining international stability and peace. 

The Russian Federation reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in
response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass
destruction against it and (or) its allies, as well as in response to
large-scale aggression using conventional weapons in situations critical to
the national security of the Russian Federation. 

The Russian Federation will not use nuclear weapons against states party to
the Nonproliferation Treaty that do not possess nuclear weapons, except in
the event of an attack on the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation
armed forces or other troops, its allies or a state to which it has
security commitments that is carried out or supported by a state without
nuclear weapons jointly or in the context of allied commitments with a
state with nuclear weapons. 

The main principles for safeguarding military security are: 

- the combination of firm centralized leadership of the state's military
organization with civilian control over its activities; 

- effective forecasting, the timely identification and classification of
military threats and appropriate responses to them; 

- sufficient forces, means and resources to safeguard military security,
and their rational utilization; 

- the correspondence of the level of readiness, training and provision of
the state's military organization to the requirements of military security; 

- the refusal to damage international security and the national security of
other countries. 

10. [number as published; no number 9] Main content of safeguarding
military security: 

a) in peacetime: 

- formation and implementation of a single state policy in the sphere of
safeguarding military security; 

- maintenance of domestic political stability and protection of the
constitutional system, integrity and inviolability of the territory of the
Russian Federation; 

- development and strengthening of friendly (allied) relations with
neighbouring and other states; 

- creation and improvement of the system of defence of the Russian
Federation and its allies; 

- all-around support for and qualitative improvement of the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops, military formations and bodies
(hereinafter referred to as the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops) and maintenance of their readiness for coordinated actions to
avert, localize and neutralize external and internal threats; 


- preparation of a system of measures to transfer the Russian Federation
armed forces and other troops to a wartime footing (including their
mobilization deployment); 

- improvement of the economic, technological and defence industry base;
enhancement of the mobilization readiness of the economy; creation of
conditions ensuring the timely switching of industrial enterprises
stipulated in the plan to the production of military output; organizing of
the preparation of the bodies of state power, enterprises, institutions,
organizations, and the country's population for performing missions in
safeguarding military security and conducting territorial and civil defence; 

- protection of the Russian Federation's facilities and installations on
the high seas, in space and on the territory of foreign states; protection
of shipping, fishing and other types of activities in the adjacent maritime
zone and in distant areas of the ocean; 

- protection and defence of the state border of the Russian Federation
within the limits of border territory, airspace and the underwater
environment, and of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of
the Russian Federation and their natural resources; 

- support (where necessary) for political acts of the Russian Federation by
means of the implementation of corresponding measures of a military nature
and [by means of] a naval presence; 

- preparation for territorial and civil defence; 

- development of the necessary military infrastructure; 

- safeguarding the security of Russian Federation citizens and protecting
them from military threats; 

- development of a conscious attitude among the population towards
safeguarding the country's military security; 

- monitoring of the mutual fulfilment of treaties in the sphere of arms
limitation, reduction, and elimination and the strengthening of
confidence-building measures; 

- ensuring readiness to participate (participating) in peacekeeping
activities; 

b) in a period of threat and on the commencement of a war (armed conflict): 

- the timely declaration of a state of war; imposition of martial law or a
state of emergency in the country or in particular localities within it;
full or partial strategic deployment of the Russian Federation armed forces
and other troops, or units thereof; bringing them into readiness to perform
their missions; 

- coordination, in line with federal legislation, of the activities of the
federal bodies of state power, the bodies of state power of constituent
parts of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, public
organizations and citizens in the interests of repulsing aggression; 

- the organizing and coordinated implementation of armed, political,
diplomatic, information, economic and other forms of struggle; 

- adoption and implementation of decisions on the preparation for and
pursuit of military operations; 

- the switching of the country's economy and of individual sectors of it,
enterprises and organizations, transportation and communications onto a
footing of work in the conditions of a state of war; 


- the organizing and implementation of territorial and civil defence
measures; 

- provision of aid to allies of the Russian Federation; enlistment and
realization of their potential for achieving joint objectives in a war
(armed conflict); 

- prevention of the enlistment of other states in the war (armed conflict)
on the side of the aggressor; 

- utilization of the potential of the United Nations and other
international organizations to prevent aggression, force the aggressor to
end the war (armed conflict) at an early stage and restore international
security and peace. 

The state's military organization 

11. The objectives of safeguarding the military security of the Russian
Federation are served by the state's military organization. 

12. The state's military organization includes the Russian Federation armed
forces, which constitute its nucleus and the basis of safeguarding military
security; other troops, military formations and bodies designed for the
performance of military security missions by military methods; and their
command and control bodies. 

The state's military organization also includes that part of the country's
industrial and scientific complexes that is intended for performing
missions relating to military security. 

13. The main aim of the development of the state's military organization is
to ensure guaranteed protection of the national interests and military
security of the Russian Federation and its allies. 

14. Basic principles of development of the state's military organization: 

- appropriate consideration of conclusions drawn from the analysis of the
state of and prospects for the development of the military-political
situation; 

- centralization of leadership; 

- sole command [Russian: yedinonachaliye] on a legal basis; 

- attainable correspondence, within the limits of the country's economic
potential, between, on the one hand, the level of combat and mobilization
training, the preparedness of bodies of military command and control and of
the troops (forces), their structures, fighting strength and strength of
the reserve, and reserves of material means and resources, and, on the
other hand, the missions of safeguarding military security; 

- unity of training and education; 

- implementation of servicemen's rights and freedoms and safeguarding of
their social protection and appropriate social status and living standard. 

The development of all components of the state's military organization
takes place in accordance with normative labour acts governing their
activity and on the basis of agreed and coordinated programmes and plans. 

15. Main priorities of development of the state's military organization: 

- creation of an integrated system of command and control of the state's
military organization and the ensuring of its effective functioning; 

- development and improvement of the troops (forces) ensuring strategic
deterrence (including nuclear deterrence); 

- creation and maintenance in necessary readiness of structures for
preparing mobilization resources and for ensuring the mobilization
deployment of the Russian Federation armed forces and other troops; 


- manning, equipping, all-around support, and preparation of combined units
and troop units for a state of permanent combat readiness of
general-purpose forces for performing missions of deterrence and the
conduct of combat operations in local wars and armed conflicts. 

16. Basic principles of development of the state's military organization: 

- bringing the structure, composition and strength of components of the
state's military organization into line with the missions of safeguarding
military security, with due consideration of the country's economic
potential; 

- increasing the qualitative level, effectiveness and security of
functioning of the technological basis of the system of state and military
command and control; 

- improving military-economic support for the state's military organization
on the basis of the concentration and rational utilization of financial and
material resources; 

- improving strategic planning on the principle of unity of use of the
Russian Federation armed forces and other troops; 

- increasing the effectiveness of functioning of systems of personnel
training, military education, operational and combat training, education of
servicemen, all types of support and military science; 

- improving the system of manning (on the basis of the contract and draft
principle, with a gradual increase - as the necessary socioeconomic
conditions are created - in the proportion of servicemen carrying out
military service under contract, first and foremost in the posts of junior
commanding officers and specialists in the leading combat specialities); 

- increasing the effectiveness of the system of operation and maintenance
of arms and military equipment; 

- improving special information support for the Russian Federation armed
forces and other troops and their command and control bodies; 

- strengthening the rule of law, order and military discipline; 

- implementing state policy in strengthening the prestige of military
service and preparing Russian Federation citizens for it; 

- developing international military (military-political) and
military-technical cooperation; 

- improving the normative legal base for the organizational development and
the development and utilization of the state's military organization and
its system of relations with society. 

17. An integral part and a priority task of the present stage of military
organizational development is the implementation of comprehensive military
reform determined by the radical changes in the military-political
situation and the missions and conditions of safeguarding the military
security of the Russian Federation. 

Within the framework of military reform, an interconnected, coordinated
reform of all components of the state's military organization takes place. 

Leadership of the state's military organization 

18. Leadership of the organizational development, preparation and
utilization of the state's military organization and of safeguarding the
military security of the Russian Federation is exercised by the president
of the Russian Federation, who is supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian
Federation armed forces. 


19. The Russian Federation government organizes the equipping of the
Russian Federation armed forces and other troops with arms and military and
special equipment and their furnishing with material means, resources and
services; exercises overall leadership of the operational equipping of the
territory of the Russian Federation in the interests of defence; and
carries out other functions established by federal legislation to ensure
military security. 

20. The federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the
constituent parts of the Russian Federation and local self-government
bodies exercise the powers vested in them by federal legislation in
safeguarding military security. 

Enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations and citizens
of the Russian Federation participate in safeguarding military security
according to the procedure laid down by federal legislation. 

21. Command and control of the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops is exercised by the leaders of the corresponding federal bodies of
executive power. 

22. The Russian Federation Defence Ministry coordinates the activity of
federal bodies of executive power and bodies of executive power of the
constituent parts of the Russian Federation on questions of defence, the
formulation of blueprints for the organizational development and the
development of other troops and orders for arms and military equipment for
them, and formulates - with the participation of the corresponding federal
bodies of executive power - the blueprint of development of arms and
military and special equipment and the federal state armaments programme
and proposals on the state defence order. 

The Russian Federation armed forces General Staff is the main body of
operational command and control of the Russian Federation armed forces,
coordinating the activity and organizing the collaboration of the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops in performing missions in the
defence sphere. 

The directorates of the commanders-in-chief (commanders) of branches (arms)
of the Russian Federation armed forces (troops) carry out the formulation
and implementation of plans for the organizational development and
utilization of branches (arms) of the Russian Federation armed forces
(troops) and their operational and mobilization training, technical
equipment and personnel training, and carry out command and control of the
troops (forces) and their day-to-day activities and the development of the
basing system and infrastructure. 

The directorates of military districts (operational-strategic commands)
carry out command and control of inter-branch groups of general-purpose
troops (forces) and the planning and organizing of measures relating to
joint training with other troops, military formations and bodies for
safeguarding military security within the established limits of
responsibility with due consideration of their missions and the integrated
system of military-administrative division of the territory of the Russian
Federation. 

23. In order to carry out command and control of coalition groupings of
troops (forces), the corresponding joint bodies of military command and

control are set up by a coordinated decision of the bodies of state power
of the countries participating in the coalition. 

24. With a view to centralized leadership in safeguarding the military
security of the Russian Federation, integrated strategic and operational
planning takes place in relation to the utilization of the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops in the interests of defence, as
well as programme-targeted planning of military organizational development
envisaging the formulation of long-term (10-15 years), medium-term (four to
five years) and short-term (one to two years) documents. 

25. The organizing of the leadership of safeguarding the military security
of the Russian Federation in a period of threat and the creation and
functioning of the corresponding bodies of state power and bodies of
military command and control are regulated by corresponding legislative and
other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation. 

II. Military-strategic principles 

Nature of wars and armed conflicts 

1. The Russian Federation maintains a readiness to wage war and take part
in armed conflicts exclusively with a view to preventing and repulsing
aggression, protecting the integrity and inviolability of its territory,
and safeguarding the Russian Federation's military security as well as that
of its allies in accordance with international treaties. 

2. The nature of modern wars (armed conflicts) is determined by their
military-political goals, the means of achieving those goals and the scale
of the military operations. 

In accordance with this, a modern war (armed conflict) may be: 

- in terms of military-political goals - just (not contravening the UN
Charter and the fundamental norms and principles of international law, and
waged as self-defence by the party subject to aggression); unjust
(contravening the UN Charter and the fundamental norms and principles of
international law, falling within the definition of aggression and waged by
the party undertaking the armed attack); 

- in terms of means utilized - using nuclear and other types of weapons of
mass destruction; using only conventional weapons; 

- in terms of scale - local, regional or large-scale. 

3. The main general features of modern war are: 

- its impact on all spheres of human activity; 

- its coalition nature; 

- the extensive use of indirect, non-close-quarter and other (including
nontraditional) forms and means of operation, and long-range effective
engagement and electronic engagement [Russian: dalnego ognevogo i
elektronnogo porazheniya]; 

- a desire on the part of the sides to disrupt the system of state and
military command and control; 

- the use of highly efficient state-of-the-art systems of arms and military
hardware (including those based on new physical principles); 

- highly manoeuvrable operations by troops (forces) in disparate areas with
the extensive utilization of air-mobile forces, Airborne Troops and
special-purpose forces; 

- attacks against troops (forces), rear-service and economic facilities,
and means of communication [Russian: kommunikatsii] throughout the
territory of each of the warring parties; 


- the implementation of air campaigns and operations; the catastrophic
consequences of hitting (destroying) power-generation enterprises (above
all nuclear), chemical and other dangerous production facilities,
infrastructure, means of communication [Russian: kommunikatsii] and vital
installations; 

- a high likelihood of new states being drawn into the war, the escalation
of warfare and the expansion of the scale and range of the means employed,
including weapons of mass destruction; 

- the participation in the war of irregular armed formations alongside
regular units. 

4. Armed conflict can arise in the form of an armed incident, an armed
action and other armed clashes on a limited scale and be the consequence of
an attempt to resolve national, ethnic, religious, or other differences
with the help of the means of military conflict. 

Border conflict is a special form of armed conflict. 

Armed conflict can be international in nature (involving two or several
states) or international [as published] and internal in nature (with armed
confrontation being conducted within the territory of a single state). 

5. Armed conflict is characterized by: 

- a high degree of involvement and vulnerability of the local population; 

- the use of irregular armed formations; 

- the extensive utilization of sabotage and terrorist methods; 

- the complex moral and psychological atmosphere in which the troops operate; 

- the enforced diversion of considerable forces and assets to safeguard the
security of transport routes or areas and locations where troops (forces)
are sited; 

- the threat that it may be transformed into a local ([in the case of an]
international armed conflict) or civil ([in the case of an] internal armed
conflict) war. 

6. Unified (multidepartmental) groups of troops (forces) and command and
control units may be set up to perform missions in an internal armed
conflict. 

7. A local war may be waged by groups of troops (forces) deployed in a
conflict zone, being reinforced if necessary by transfers of troops, forces
and assets from other areas and the implementation of the partial strategic
deployment of armed forces. 

In a local war the sides will operate within the borders of the warring
states and pursue limited military-political goals. 

8. A regional war may result from the escalation of a local war or armed
conflict and be waged with the involvement of two or several states (groups
of states) in a single region, by national or coalition armed forces
utilizing both conventional and nuclear weapons. 

In a regional war the sides will pursue important military-political goals. 

9. A large-scale war may result from an escalation of an armed conflict,
local or regional war, or from the involvement in them of a significant
number of states from different parts of the world. 

A large-scale war utilizing only conventional weapons will be characterized
by a high probability of escalating into a nuclear war with catastrophic
consequences for civilization and the foundations of human life and
existence. 

In a large-scale war the sides will set radical military-political goals
requiring the total mobilization of all the material and spiritual

resources of the states involved. 

10. A large-scale (regional) war may be preceded by a period of threat. 

11. A large-scale (regional) war may have an initial period, the main
component of which is an intense armed struggle to gain the strategic
initiative, preserve stable state and military command and control, achieve
supremacy in the information sphere, and win (maintain) air superiority. 

In the event of a prolonged large-scale (regional) war its goals will be
achieved in the subsequent and final periods. 

12. The Russian Federation consistently and firmly strives for the creation
of an effective system of political, legal, organizational, technical and
other international guarantees to prevent armed conflicts and wars. 

Principles governing the use of the Russian Federation armed forces and
other troops 

13. The Russian Federation considers it lawful to utilize the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops to repulse aggression directed
against it. 

The Russian Federation armed forces and other troops can also be used for
protection against unconstitutional actions or illegal armed violence
threatening the integrity and inviolability of Russian Federation
territory, to perform missions in accordance with the Russian Federation's
international treaties and to perform other missions in accordance with
federal legislation. 

14. The goals of the use of the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops are: 

- in a large-scale (regional) war that is unleashed by a state (group or
coalition of states) - to protect the independence, sovereignty and
territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and its allies, to repulse
aggression, to effectively engage the enemy and to force it to end its
military operations on terms according with the interests of the Russian
Federation and its allies; 

- in local wars and international armed conflicts - to localize the seat of
tension, to create the prerequisites for ending the war or armed conflict
or for bringing it to an end at an early stage; to neutralize the aggressor
and achieve a settlement on terms according with the interests of the
Russian Federation and its allies; 

- in internal armed conflicts - to rout and liquidate illegal armed
formations, to create the conditions for a full settlement of the conflict
on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal
legislation; 

- in peacekeeping and peace restoration operations - to disengage the
warring factions, to stabilize the situation and to ensure the conditions
for a just peace settlement. 

15. The main ways of utilizing the Russian Federation armed forces and
other troops are: 

- strategic operations, operations and combat operations - in large-scale
and regional wars; 

- operations and combat operations - in local wars and international armed
conflicts; 

- joint special operations - in internal armed conflicts; 

- counterterrorist operations - in the fight against terrorism in
accordance with federal legislation; 

- peacekeeping operations. 

16. The Russian Federation armed forces and other troops should be prepared
to repulse aggression, effectively engage an aggressor and conduct active

operations (both defensive and offensive) under any scenario for the
unleashing and waging of wars and armed conflicts, under conditions of the
massive use by the enemy of modern and advanced combat weapons, including
weapons of mass destruction of all types. 

At the same time, the Russian Federation armed forces must ensure the
implementation of peacekeeping activities by the Russian Federation both
independently and as part of international organizations. 

17. The main missions of the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops are: 

a) in safeguarding military security: 

- the timely disclosure of a threatening development in the
military-political situation or of preparations for an armed attack against
the Russian Federation and (or) its allies; 

- maintenance of the composition, condition, combat and mobilization
readiness, and training of the strategic nuclear forces, and of the forces
and assets ensuring their functioning and utilization, as well as of
command and control systems, at a level guaranteeing a set level of damage
for an aggressor under any circumstances; 

- maintenance of combat potential, combat and mobilization readiness and
preparation of peacetime general-purpose groups of troops (forces) at a
level ensuring the repulsing of aggression on a local scale; 

- maintenance of arms and military (special) equipment and reserves of
material resources in readiness for combat use; 

- carrying out of alert duty (combat service) by assigned (appointed)
troops, forces and resources; 

- high-quality and complete fulfilment of plans and programmes for
operational, combat, and mobilization training and education of personnel
of the troops (forces); 

- maintenance of readiness for strategic deployment within the framework of
state measures to put the country onto a wartime footing; 

- protection and defence of the Russian Federation state border; 

- development of the air defence of the Russian Federation as an integrated
system based on centralized command and control of all air defence forces
and resources; 

- creation of the conditions for the security of economic activity and
protection of the Russian Federation's national interests in the
territorial seas, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic
zone of the Russian Federation as well as on the high seas; 

- protection of important state facilities; 

- prevention and termination of acts of sabotage and terrorism; 

- prevention of ecological and other emergencies and elimination of their
consequences; 

- organization of civil and territorial defence; 

- safeguarding of technical cover and restoration of means of communication
[Russian: kommunikatsii]; 

- safeguarding of information security. 

The performance of missions in defence of the Russian Federation's national
interests on the high seas takes place in accordance with the Fundamentals
of Russian Federation policy in the sphere of naval activity. 

All missions in safeguarding military security are carried out by the
Russian Federation armed forces and other troops in coordination, in close
collaboration, and in accordance with their functions as stipulated by

federal legislation, [punctuation as published] 

b) in rebuffing an armed attack (aggression) on the Russian Federation and
(or) its allies: 

- partial or full strategic deployment; 

- conduct of strategic operations, operations and combat operations
(including jointly with allied states) to rout the invaders and eliminate
groups of troops (forces) that have been (are being) created by the
aggressor in regions where they are based or concentrated and on
communication routes; 

- maintenance of readiness for utilization, and utilization (in cases
envisaged by the Military Doctrine and in accordance with the stipulated
procedure), of the nuclear deterrent potential; 

- localization and neutralization of border armed conflicts; 

- maintenance of the regime of martial law (state of emergency); 

- protection of the population, economic facilities and the infrastructure
against the enemy's weapons; 

- fulfilment of the Russian Federation's allied commitments in accordance
with international treaties. 

The performance of missions in repulsing an armed attack (aggression) is
organized and implemented in accordance with the Plan for utilization of
the Russian Federation armed forces, the Mobilization plan of the Russian
Federation armed forces, decrees of the Russian Federation president on
military security issues, orders and directives of the supreme
commander-in-chief of the Russian Federation armed forces, and other
normative legal acts, plans and directive documents; 

c) in domestic armed conflicts: 

- the routing and liquidation of illegal armed formations and bandit and
terrorist groups and organizations and the destruction of their bases,
training centres, depots and communications; 

- restoration of the rule of law, and of law and order; 

- safeguarding of public security and stability; 

- maintenance of the legal regime of a state of emergency in the conflict
zone; 

- localization and blockading of the conflict zone; 

- termination of armed clashes and disengagement of the warring parties; 

- confiscation of weapons from the population in the conflict zone; 

- strengthening of protection of public order and security in regions
adjacent to the conflict zone. 

The performance of missions in the prevention and termination of domestic
armed conflicts, the localization and blockading of conflict zones, and the
elimination of illegal armed formations, bands and terrorist groups is
entrusted to joint (multidepartmental) groups of troops (forces) created on
an ad hoc basis and their bodies of command and control; 

d) in operations to maintain and restore peace: 

- disengagement of the conflicting parties' armed groups; 

- safeguarding of the conditions for the delivery of humanitarian aid to
the civilian population and their evacuation from the conflict zone; 

- blockading of the conflict zone with a view to ensuring the
implementation of sanctions adopted by the international community; 

- creation of the preconditions for a political settlement. 

The performance of missions in operations to maintain and restore peace is
entrusted to the Russian Federation armed forces. In order to prepare for

these missions, specially appointed combined units and troop units are
identified. Alongside their preparation for utilization for their immediate
purpose, they are trained according to a special programme. The Russian
Federation carries out rear and technical support, training and preparation
of Russian contingents, the planning of their utilization, and operational
command and control in line with the standards and procedures of the United
Nations, the OSCE, and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 

18. Forces and resources of the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops may be enlisted to provide assistance to the bodies of state power,
bodies of local self-government and the population in eliminating the
consequences of accidents, disasters and natural disasters. 

19. In order to perform the missions facing the Russian Federation armed
forces and other troops, groups of troops (forces) are created on the
territory of the Russian Federation with due consideration of: 

- the degree of the potential military danger in specific strategic sectors; 

- the nature of the Russian Federation's relations with contiguous states; 

- the location of the Russian Federation's vitally important industrial
regions and regions of strategic resources and specially important
facilities; 

- the potential for strategic deployment in the threatened sectors in
conjunction with the lowest possible volume of transport movements, and
also interregional manoeuvring; 

- the potential for the timely withdrawal of troops (forces) and material
and technical reserves out of range of probable missile and air strikes; 

- the conditions for the billeting and provision of essential services for
troops and for resolving social and living problems; the presence and
status of the mobilization deployment base; 

- the sociopolitical situation in specific regions. 

20. With a view to forming and maintaining stability and ensuring an
appropriate response to the emergence of external threats at an early
stage, limited contingents of the Russian Federation armed forces and other
troops may be deployed in strategically important regions outside the
territory of the Russian Federation, in the form of joint or national
groups and individual bases (facilities). 

The conditions for such deployment are defined by the appropriate
international legal documents. 

21. When mixed military formations of the CIS are created, they are manned
by servicemen of the member states in accordance with their national
legislation and the interstate agreements adopted. Servicemen who are
citizens of the Russian Federation serve in such formations, as a rule,
under contract. 

Russian troop formations located on the territory of foreign states,
irrespective of the conditions of deployment, form part of the Russian
Federation armed forces and other troops and operate in accordance with the
procedure there established, taking into account the requirements of the UN
Charter, UN Security Council resolutions, and the Russian Federation's
bilateral and multilateral treaties. 


22. In order to create and develop the state's military infrastructure so
as to support the strategic deployment of the Russian Federation armed
forces and other troops and their pursuit of military operations, the
operational equipping of the Russian Federation's territory with a view to
defence is carried out under the leadership of the Russian Federation
government and on the basis of a federal state programme. 

23. The stockpiling and maintenance of reserves of material resources is
organized by the Russian Federation government in accordance with plans for
the creation of state and mobilization reserves approved by the Russian
Federation president. 

The Russian Federation armed forces and other troops and bodies of
executive power, in accordance with federal legislation, carry out in
peacetime the stockpiling, echelonment, disposition and maintenance of
reserves of material resources to support the mobilization deployment of
troops (forces) and their conduct of combat operations in the initial
period of a war (for certain types of material resources also for a longer
period, based on the time scale for switching the economy of the country
and its individual sectors and enterprises onto working according to the
established plan), and the formation, preparation, regrouping and
utilization of strategic reserves. 

The planning of the stockpiling, echelonment and disposition of operational
reserves of material resources and their maintenance for other troops that
are made operationally subordinate to the Russian Federation Defence
Ministry during a special period are carried out by the said ministry. 

24. The planning of citizens' preparation for military service, military
registration and registration of means of transport made available to the
Russian Federation armed forces and other troops are carried out under the
overall leadership of the Russian Federation armed forces General Staff. 

25. In both peacetime and wartime, preparation of the country for
territorial and civil defence is carried out and a range of measures are
implemented to ensure the stable functioning of economic facilities,
transport and communications, and ensure readiness for emergency rescue and
other work in stricken [contaminated] areas [Russian: ochagi porazheniya]
and zones of accidents, disasters and natural disasters. 

III. Military-economic principles 

Military-economic provision for military security 

1. The main aim of military-economic provision is to meet the needs of the
state's military organization for financial and material resources. 

2. The main missions of military-economic provision are: 

- to ensure timely and full financial provision for the missions being
performed by the state's military organization; 

- to optimize expenditure of the material resources and funds channelled
into safeguarding military security, and to enhance the efficiency of their
use on the basis of the interlinked and coordinated reform of all
components of the states' [as published] military organization; 

- to develop the scientific, technical, technological and production base
of the country, of the Russian Federation armed forces and other troops,

and of the military infrastructure in the interest of safeguarding military
security; 

- to ensure legal protection for the intellectual property contained in
military products and in the techniques used to develop and produce them; 

- to integrate the civil and military sectors of the country's economy and
to coordinate the state's military-economic activity in the interest of
safeguarding military security; 

- to create the state's infrastructure with due consideration of the
performance of missions to safeguard military security; 

- to enhance the level of social provision for servicemen and civilian
personnel of the Russian Federation armed forces and other troops, as well
as citizens working in the defence industry complex; 

- to ensure the functioning and improve systems of mobilization readiness
and mobilization preparation of the country's economy and population; 

- to build up and maintain stockpiles of material resources; 

- to implement mutually advantageous international military
(military-political) and military-technical cooperation; 

- to implement the Russian Federation's international treaties in the
military-economic sphere. 

3. The priority missions of military-economic provision are: to ensure
timely and full (within the limits of the state's existing financial
resources) financial provision for plans for the organizational
development, development, and combat and mobilization training of the
Russian Federation armed forces and other troops, and of the requirements
for all components of the state's military organization; 

- to ensure economic and financial provision for upgrading strategic and
conventional arms and military and specialized equipment; 

- to create the economic and financial conditions for the development and
production of highly efficient standardized command and control of troops
and control of weapon assets, communications, intelligence-gathering,
strategic early-warning and electronic warfare systems, and precision
mobile nonnuclear weapons and the information support systems for them; 

- to enhance living standards and implement the social guarantees laid down
by federal legislation for servicemen and their family members; 

4. The main principles of military-economic provision are: 

- to bring the level of financial and material provision for the state's
military organization into line with the requirements of military security
and the state's resource potential; 

- to focus financial, material, technical and intellectual resources on
resolving the key tasks of safeguarding military security; 

- to provide state support for enterprises (production facilities) and
institutions (organizations) determining the military-technical and
technological stability of the defence-industry complex, factory-town
enterprises and closed administrative-territorial entities; 

- to ensure scientific, technical, technological, information and resource
independence in the development and production of the main types of
military output. 

5. The basic guidelines for the mobilization preparation of the economy
are: the preparation of an economic management system to ensure stable

functioning during the period of transition to work under martial law
conditions and during wartime; 

- the creation, improvement and effective functioning of a system of
mobilization preparation for bodies of state power, as well as
organizations and enterprises with mobilization missions; 

- the optimization and development of the requisite mobilization capacity
and facilities; 

- the creation, accumulation, preservation and renewal of stockpiles of
material resources in mobilization and state reserves; 

- the creation and preservation of fallback stocks of design and technical
documentation for wartime; 

- the preservation and development of the economic facilities required for
the stable functioning of the economy and the population's survival during
wartime; 

- the preparation of the financial, credit and tax systems and the
money-supply system for a special system of functioning under martial law
conditions; 

- the development and improvement of the normative-legal base for
mobilization preparation and the transition of the Russian Federation
economy, constituent parts of the Russian Federation and municipal
formations to work in accordance with the established plans. 

International military (military-political) and military-technical
cooperation 

6. The Russian Federation implements international military
(military-political) and military-technical cooperation on the basis of its
own national interests and the need to ensure the balanced performance of
the missions of safeguarding military security. 

International military (military-political) and military-technical
cooperation is the state's prerogative. 

7. The Russian Federation implements international military
(military-political) and military-technical cooperation on the basis of
foreign policy and economic expediency and the missions of safeguarding the
military security of the Russian Federation and its allies, in accordance
with federal legislation and the Russian Federation's international
treaties, on the basis of the principles of equal rights, mutual advantage
and good-neighbourliness, and observing the interests of international
stability and national, regional and global security. 

8. The Russian Federation attaches priority importance to the development
of military (military-political) and military-technical cooperation with
CIS Collective Security Treaty states on the basis of the need to
consolidate the efforts to create a single defence area and safeguard
collective military security. 

The Russian Federation, reaffirming its fundamental adherence to the ideas
of deterring aggression, preventing wars and armed conflicts and
maintaining international security and universal peace, guarantees the
consistent and firm implementation of the Military Doctrine. 

********

Web page for CDI Russia Weekly: 
http://www.cdi.org/russia
 

Return to CDI's Home Page  I  Return to CDI's Library